The President of the Democratic Republic of Congo Félix Tshisekedi signed and promulgated a series of ordinances appointing and rotating the new generals within the Congolese army, the FARDC. Other presidential ordinances appoint a hundred colonels and generals to higher ranks to the point of making a senior military intelligence officer say that the FARDC is becoming “an army in the shape of an inverted pyramid. ” All this, while on the ground, the Congolese army remains very weak and the reform supposed to improve its operational capacities is sabotaged and interrupted. For lack of vision and political will. These promotions, which are operationally inexplicable given the ineffectiveness of the FARDC, may respond to a subtle strategy of seeking loyalty and allegiance to the new president among promoted generals. Kabila had also strangely resorted to this strategy of positive reinforcement of the generals in 2013 despite the poor performance of the FARDC against the M23 to contain their protests.[1]
The big surprise is the replacement of the all-powerful army general John Numbi as Inspector General of the FARDC by another powerful general, very close to Joseph Kabila, Gabriel Amisi Kuumba known under the pseudonym of Tango Four. The latter is raised at the same time to the highest rank of the FARDC, that of army general (four stars). At this level, he joins Army Generals Célestin Mbala Musense, the Chief of the General Staff of the FARDC who has been in this post since Joseph Kabila and John Numbi who still retains his operational function of command of the operational staff advanced to Beni to fight armed groups.
If the side-lining of General Numbi meets the expectations of public opinion and Americans, – in particular Tybor Nagy, the American Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs -, the careful analysis of the profiles and backgrounds of the promoted generals informs yet Joseph Kabila retains, if not strengthens, his influence over the army[2]. An area of the Tshisekedi-Kabila deal that must remain in the hands of Joseph Kabila[3], according to sources who facilitated this famous secret deal between the two political figures. According to Jeune Afrique: “This reshuffle enshrines a certain continuity in the military apparatus, despite numerous changes of posts. The shadow of Joseph Kabila is still visible, in view of the functions attributed to several generals who are deemed loyal to him[4]”. This is what we will try to decipher, in a non-exhaustive manner, on the basis of cross-checked information from our various military sources on the ground and from the respective entourages of Kabila and Tshisekedi.
To properly analyze these appointments, it is necessary to read them both strategically and politically. From a strategic point of view, the main question to be asked is whether this restructuring of the army’s high command will allow the FARDC to increase in power to help curb the insecurity that reigns throughout the country. The profile and background of the promoted generals can give us fairly clear indications as to this. The second question to ask is that of starting from the profiles of the promoted to see which camp they would switch to in the event of a possible open political confrontation between Kabila and Tshisekedi, despite the fact that on paper the army is supposed to remain apolitical. A stance regularly denied on the facts when it comes to analyse the African (Congolese) military political sociology over the past 60 years[5].
Status quo at the head of the army with the maintenance of General Célestin Mbala despite the arrival of General Jean-Claude Yav
Army General Célestin Mbala Munsense has been the FARDC Chief of General Staff since July 14, 2018. President Tshisekedi reconfirms him in this same post[6], as a sign of continuity of the device left by Kabila and of a semblance of ethnic balance with Tshisekedi. Célestin Mbala was born in Lubumbashi in 1956, with a Mulubakat father from Nyunzu territory in Tanganyika province and a Luba mother from Kasai-Oriental. General Mbala is an ex-FAZ trained at the Kananga Officer Training School (EFO). He remains little influential within the army for not having directly commanded operational units, because having been essentially an administrative officer. However, General Mbala was one of the generals who benefited from Kabila’s confidence. He advocated severity towards opponents of Kabila and the West, to the point of encouraging Kabila not to cede his power[7]. He also managed for a long time the finances and special funds of Defense, including the main orders of strategic military equipment.
With the departure of General Amisi Tango Four from the General Inspectorate of the FARDC, it is another general close to Kabila, Lieutenant-General Jean-Claude Yav Kabej who becomes number two of the FARDC. This Katanga Lunda is one of Joseph Kabila’s trusted men. Jean-Claude Yav was part of the “hawks” of the old Kabila regime. Having evolved in particular in military intelligence, Jean-Claude Yav was responsible for closely following all the generals and senior officers of the FARDC. As deputy in charge of operations and intelligence, Jean-Claude J- Yav becomes the real operational leader of the FARDC, given his influence and his knowledge of this army.
The appointment of Lieutenant-General Constant Ndima Kongba as Deputy Chief of General Staff in charge of administration and logistics is a good choice. This ex-FAZ ngbandi evolved in the DSP then in the MLC of Jean-Pierre Bemba, is more in the camp of the Republican general officers, despite the confidence he has gained from Kabila in recent years. He previously held the position of Commander of the Third Defense Zone in the east of the country. The choices of Major General Maurice René Diasuka Diakana as Chief of Staff of the Air Force and Vice-Admiral Jean-Marie Valentin Linguma Mata as Chief of Staff of the Naval Force seem to favor rather criteria of competence and non-ethnic. The maintenance of General Michel Mandiangu Mbala Michel as deputy chief of staff in charge of intelligence, the head of military intelligence of the FARDC, a highly coveted position held by the late General Kahimbi, is a small surprise. This former FAZ officer was the head of the Studies and Analysis Department which has been working in intelligence for 30 years. His subordinates consider him to be inactive and affable.
The General Inspectorate: a siding for the former generals adventurers of Kabila under international sanctions?
Army General Gabriel Amisi Kumba Tango Four replaces John Numbi as General Inspector of the FARDC. Raised to the highest rank of the FARDC army general (4 stars), Gabriel Amisi Kumba is one of the generals of confidence and loyal to President Kabila. This ex-FAZ who rallied to the AFDL and RCD-Goma rebellions was for a long time the man-orchestra of Kabila’s operational system within the FARDC. General Amisi’s name is regularly cited by military sources as a planner, alongside the late General Delphin Kahimbi, of the current insecurity in the eastern part of the Congo, particularly in Ituri. Under sanctions from the United States of America and the European Union, Amisi, visibly tired, had nevertheless asked to end his military career in the Chancellery of national orders. The native of Maniema will still have to continue a transitional activity within the General Inspectorate of the FARDC while probably keeping his relays in the army where he has placed close officers, in particular within the Republican Guard and the Land Force.
Another sulphurous general who joins Amisi at the General Inspectorate is Lieutenant-General Akili Mohindo Mundos[8]. General Muhindo Akili alias Mundos, past lieutenant-general, becomes the deputy general inspector in charge of operations and intelligence. The latter, under international sanctions, has long been Kabila’s dirty work man.
The President’s military house extirpated from an outright Katangan kabilist general for the benefit of a Kasaïan
By appointing Major General Franck Buamunda Tunda as head of the Head of State’s military house and at the same time the President’s personal chief of staff, Tshisekedi tries to free himself from the kabalist entourage which suffocated him in within this structure detached from the army attached to the Presidency of the Republic. The legal powers of the head of the head of state’s military house are such that the Republican Guard (GR) is placed under his functional authority. However, the GR remains mainly made up of Katangese soldiers, including its current commander, Christian Tshiwewe. According to a top secret document received from the FARDC General Staff, more than 70% of the new commanders of different GR units and services are of Katangan origin. There are some new commanders of Kasai origin, the ethnic group of President Tshisekedi. Which is not enough, in our opinion, to reverse the balance of power in favor of Tshisekedi. Note also that most elements of the GR and their current commanders were recruited by John Numbi.[9]
General Franck Buamunda Tunda replaces Major General Jean Claude Yav Kabej . The latter becomes number two in the FARDC because appointed to the very strategic post of the FARDC Deputy Chief of Staff in charge of operations and intelligence, replacing General Amisi Tango Four.
General Buamunda Tunda is a former Civil Guard who joined Jean-Pierre Bemba’s MLC rebellion. He also evolved as head of the military security department in military intelligence. He was close to the late General Kahimbi, the former head of military intelligence. General Tunda Buamunda is also a member of the National Security Council (CNS) headed by François Beya with whom he shares the same Lulua tribal origin of Kasai-Central and with which he is very close. He notably participated in the last hearing of Delphin Kahimbi a few hours before the latter’s death.
The three Defense Zones commanded by generals close to Joseph Kabila
It should be mentioned that a Defense Zone is an inter-force territorial entity in which land, air and naval units operate under a single command. The First Defense Zone encompasses the city of Kinshasa and the former administrative provinces of Bandundu, Bas-Congo and Equateur. The Second Defense Zone includes the former administrative provinces of Kasaï-Occidental, Kasaï-Oriental and Katanga. The Third Defense Zone, which includes the administrative provinces of Maniema, North Kivu, South Kivu and the former Province Orientale.
The Lieutenants- Generals: Johnny Nkashama Luboya (commander of the first defense zone), the Munyarwanda /”Munyamulenge” Pacific Masunzu[10] (commander of the Second Defense Zone) and Philemon Yav Irung , known as ” the Katanga tiger[11]”(commander of the third defense zone), are generals reputed to be very close to Joseph Kabila. Several sources of military intelligence and operational units describe them as “Kabila’s henchmen “.
In the First Defense Zone, Lieutenant General Johnny Nkashama Luboya is assisted by Major General Christian Ndaywel (for operations and intelligence) and by Brigadier General Dieudonné Kiamasa (administration and logistics). Major General Mpuza Chief of Staff of this defense zone which remains strategic because it is supposed to ensure the security of the rebellious capital Kinshasa. General Luboya Nkashama’s profile indicates that he is a former rebel of RCD-Goma, close to General Amisi Tango Four and Rwandan General James Kabarebe[12] who already held the same position under Kabila until July 2018.
In the Second Defense Zone, Lieutenant General Pacifique Masunzu is assisted by Generals Jacques Nduru Itshalingoza (operations and intelligence) and Freddy Kalume (administration and logistics), son of General Denis Kalume, not having attended any training center or training after his entry into the army as an officer (captain). Freddy Kalume owes his meteoric military rise to Kabila, whose entertainment companion he was in their downtime. The sulphurous General Jacques Nduru Itchangoliza is a former UPC rebel of Thomas Lubanga and Bosco Ntaganda. He is indexed to be one of the planners of the Beni massacres[13]. Before taking up his post in Beni, Brigadier General Jacques Itshalingoza Nduru was the commander of operations Sukola 2 which unsuccessfully tracks down the Rwandan rebels of the FDLR in the small north of the province of North Kivu. The passage of General Itshangoliza in the various military sectors was often accompanied by an astonishing outbreak of violence and massacres of local populations. Is it in anticipation of the potential conflicts that are germinating in Grand Katanga? Greater Katanga remains a strategic fallback area for Joseph Kabila in the event of loss of political ground in Kinshasa. Especially since shortly before Tshisekedi’s investiture, Kabila had taken care to transfer the heavy weapons stored in Kibomango, in Mbakana, at the Palace of the Nation to the military installations of Katanga (Manono, Kambove, Lubumbashi, Kamina, Kalemie and Kasenga) and Maniema ( Lokando ) with the help of Russian experts who brought in a fleet of Ilyushin 76 Candid , Antonov An-124 Ruslan ‘Condor’ and Antonov An-225 Ruslan transport planes[14].
In the Third Defense Zone, the Katangese Lunda, loyal among the generals most loyal to Joseph Kabila, Lieutenant-General Philémon Yav is notably assisted by Rwandan- speaking General Innocent Gahizi, as Chief of Staff. Near Rwanda and Kabila, General Gahizi was previously Deputy Commander for Operations and information to the 34th Military Region (North Kivu) in Goma. He is a former officer of the rebellions created by Rwanda, RCD-Goma and CNDP. He maintained a close relationship with M23 officials.
Surprising transfer of effective officers in the field to administrative or prestigious positions
Without requiring the Head of State to create a new army and to appoint his own generals, there are, however, good officers and unit commanders within the FARDC. Unfortunately, we note with astonishment that they are displaced from their units where they evolved with efficiency to be appointed to administrative posts while generals suspected of collusion with the rebels are appointed in areas of the massacres. This is the case of Brigadier General Evariste Somo Kakule, former commander of the 31th rapid reaction brigade based in Kindu. This unit formed thanks to Belgian military cooperation is considered to be the best current unit of the FARDC. Recently, the unit was deployed in Beni and began to achieve positive results on the ground, restoring confidence with the local populations by building agricultural feeder roads. Surprisingly, General Evariste Somo, despite his performance in the field, did not benefit from a promotion in rank. This commando general, licensed in law and patented staff, one of the best generals of the FARDC, becomes deputy commander in charge of administration and logistics in second of the 22nd military region (Katanga) in Lubumbashi. He will assist the new commander of this region, the economic lung of the DRC, Major General Smith Gihanga. A Tutsi from North Kivu (Rwandan ?) And former rebel of RCD-Goma and CNDP.
We can also cite Major General Ir André Matutezulwa. A graduate of the Royal Military School, Matutezulwa commanded the Kitona military base with satisfaction. To the surprise of military observers, he was appointed chancellor of national orders. He was replaced there by the Kabilist, Lieutenant – General Gaston Hughes Ilunga Kampete. This Katangan Mulubakat from Tanganyika province is a former DSP armored squadron commander under Mobutu. He also led the intervention force of the GR, whose action was decisive during the final assault on the M23 in 2013. He is a general who was greatly appreciated by the troops of the GR[15] which he led between November 2014 and April 2020. Ilunga Kampete is also part of the clique of generals described as “Katangan extremists” who actively campaigned for a total lockdown of the security apparatus by the nationals of Katanga. He is a general who never ceased to show absolute loyalty and allegiance to Kabila. Like Numbi and Amisi, General Ilunga Kampete is also under sanctions from the European Union, Switzerland and the United States.
Generals labeled loyal to Kabila at strategic FARDC outposts
Lieutenant General Sikabwe Asinda Fall leaves the 34th military region in North Kivu and became the Chief of Staff Land Force after being recalled to Kinshasa to suspicions of premiums misappropriation military forehead. General Fall Sikabwe is a Bembe from South Kivu loyal to Kabila who was on the MONUSCO red list in 2015 when he had just been appointed commander of Operation Sokola 1 against the alleged ADF. The MONUSCO was then suspended cooperation with the FARDC, accusing him of serious allegations of violations of rights human[16]. General Fall Sikabwe was also the commander of the Land Force Staff HQ battalion when Joseph Kabila was the Land Force Chief of Staff. It is therefore a faithful companion of Kabila who inherits this very strategic position insofar as the land army comprises 3/4 of the strength of the Congolese army. He replaces General Isidore Kahungu Yankole who becomes Secretary General for Defense.
Another general considered close to Kabila who takes command of a strategic army service is Major General Juvénal Ngoy Kazimoto. This Bembe from South Kivu becomes the commander of the central logistics base of the FARDC. Kazimoto was Joseph Kabila’s logistics assistant when the latter was chief of staff of the land force. He subsequently served alongside Kabila as head of the planning department, then as head of the logistics department at the Kabila military house between 2002-2016. Logistics is a very important factor in the articulation of modern armies.
The Katangese lieutenant-general Jean-Claude Kifwa known as “Tango-Tango ”, a companion of the Kabila since the AFDL, becomes the commander of the other strategic base of Kamina at the moment when the United States wants to make one of the bases of it. deployment of AFRICOM forces, arousing the reluctance of Joseph Kabila.
Thus with two main military bases Kitona (commanded by Lieutenant-General Ilunga Kampete) and Kamina in the hands of general officers close to Kabila, but also the strategic operational reserve bases of the GR of Kibomango and Mbakana controlled by another affiliated Katangese, Brigadier General Klein Yav Nawej, one can advance until proof to the contrary that Joseph Kabila locks the military device of the FARDC in his favor. By having control of Kibomango in the east of the capital and of Kitona in the west of Kinshasa, Kabila is strategically positioned to take Kinshasa in pincers in the event of armed conflict with Tshisekedi. The presence of General Ilunga Kampete in Kitona also aims for Kabila to have an eye on Angola, which he suspects of supporting Tshisekedi diplomatically. Note that the main armored base of the FARDC is located in Mbanza-Ngungu, not far from Kitona.
Worrying comeback of ex-rebels supported by Rwanda and deemed close to Kabila
The recent appointments indicate a comeback of Rwandans and Rwandophones from the pro-Rwandan ex-rebellions of RCD-Goma, CNDP and M23 to strategic command and intelligence/operations posts of large FARDC units. Intelligence is the heart of war. This is the case of General Obed Wabasira Ruyumbu, appointed Deputy Chief of General Staff of the FARDC in charge of operations. This Rwandan subject whose parents and siblings live in Rwanda has evolved within the rebellions of RCD-Goma and CNDP. Obed Wabasira is a general very close to the Rwandan general James Kabarebe. It was he who led the attack operations on the city of Bukavu in 2004 with Jules Mutebusi. He is also one of the persons in charge of the operations of repression of the revolt of Kamuina Nsapu in the Kasaï-Central space.
The case of the Rwandophone general Chirimwami appointed commander of the Grand Nord operational sector in Beni is intriguing. This general, former right-hand man of General Kahimbi and close to Tango 4, according to several military sources, collaborated with the alleged ADF. He was the intelligence officer (T2) in 2012, first when the FARDC soldiers and the region commander Vainqueur Mayala were stranded by the M23 in July in Bunagana before fleeing to Uganda following bad intelligence provided to troops. He will do it again in November 2012 when the M23 entered Goma, after the FARDC had been asked to retreat…
At the 14th Military Region, which covers the city province of Kinshasa, the Brigadier General Hugo Ilondo Ifondo. Who is appointed the deputy commander in charge of operations and intelligence. Ilondo is a former RCD-Goma rebel who participated in the attempted occupation of the Kitona base in August 1998.
Conclusion
The recent army command appointments meet certain limited expectations of public opinion, Westerners and fanatic Tshisekedi supporters, such as the dismissal of the almighty General John Numbi. But the in-depth analysis of these appointments rather arouses disillusionment on the part of those who hoped for a rebalancing of influences in the army between Tshisekedi and Kabila. Regarding the Numbi case, nothing seems to be won in advance for President Tshisekedi in the face of this general who declared not to give himself up like a lamb. We should remain very careful and avoid falling into a naive triumphalism as when General Ilunga Kampete had been replaced at the head of the GR, but who came back in force[17]. The replacement of Numbi does not yet mean his final sidelining from the army. He still maintains his second operational function as Chief of the Forward Staff in the East. In addition, John Numbi, relieved of his official functions, as between 2010 and 2018, can now relocate freely in Katanga, where he had installed the security device in 2015 to neutralize the network of influence of Katumbi, to coordinate and follow quietly. the clandestine operations of these parallel military forces (the Simba and Cobras battalions)[18]. Numbi is more dangerous without a function than with an official function with limited skills where he can be monitored and controlled. After the destabilization of the country, it is concerned that the Second Defense Zone and the 22th Military Region in Katanga are under command of the rebel Tutsi former general close to the Rwandan general James Kaberebe. This augurs well for a plan to destabilize this former mining province, which is strategic for the Congolese economy. Everything suggests that President Tshisekedi would let the regional security agenda dictate by Kabila and Kagame, whose special units he has allowed to deploy in North and South Kivu since June 2019.
Another point of satisfaction for those close to the president is the reorganization of his particular staff within his military house. The replacement of General Jean-Claude Yav Kabej, patented kabilist, by a new head of the Head of State’s military house could stimulate a new positive military strategic dynamic around President Tshisekedi. This could counterbalance a little the balance due to the fact that the general staff, the general inspectorate of the armies and the defense zones are locked by generals labeled close to Joseph Kabila especially as the careful analysis of the profiles of the promoted generals give almost irrefutable indications of a strengthening of the influence of Joseph Kabila within the armed forces. A sector of the Kabila – Tshisekedi deal which must remain in Kabila’s hands according to their secret agreements. Deprived of diplomatic and popular support, despite its weight on the institutions of the DRC, the withdrawal of Joseph Kabila from power made him lose a certain political legitimacy. Kabila’s possible return to the forefront of the political scene could be facilitated by activating his powerful relays in the military and security apparatus, but also by attempting to control the CENI and the Constitutional Court.
In terms of security, there is nothing to suggest that the recent developments effectively respond to the security challenges of the moment in a country facing almost generalized insecurity and where seven armies from neighbouring countries are operating. The control of large army units by generals from former rebellions who have already operated in the same conflict zones without success raises fears of maintaining the status quo unfavorable to the DRC. Most of these generals were indexed for acts of active and/or latent complicity with local armed groups and rebellions supported by foreign countries. However, within the FARDC, there is a new generation of competent, honest and patriotic officers who positively distinguish themselves in operations. Unfortunately, the new political and military authorities prefer to put them aside for unacknowledged reasons.
Jean-Jacques Wondo Omanyundu
Political analyst and expert on defense and security issues
DESC exclusivity
References
[1] https://afridesk.org/pourquoi-kabila-applique-t-il-la-strategie-du-renforcement-positif-dans-larmee/ .
[2] This observation is also made by Christophe Rigaud of Afrikarabia ( http://afrikarabia.com/wordpress/rdc-jeu-de-chaises-musicales-dans-larmee-congolaise/ ) and Jeune Afrique ( https: // www.jeuneafrique.com/1016772/politique/rdc-sous-pression-des-usa-felix-tshisekedi-procede-a-un-prudent-remaniement-dans-larmee/ ) which speak of a “ set of musical chairs ” .
[3] Kabila’s FCC holds the Ministry of Defense. Generals Mbala, Amisi, Numbi, Yav are known to be very loyal to Kabila.
[4] https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1016772/politique/rdc-sous-pression-des-usa-felix-tshisekedi-procede-a-un-prudent-remaniement-dans-larmee/ .
[5] To this end, read Jean-Jacques Wondo Omanyundu, L’Essentiel de la sociologie politique militaire africaine. Case of praetorian regimes in Congo-Kinshasa , Amazon, 2019, 458 pages. Available for sale on Amazon : https://www.amazon.fr/Lessentiel-sociologie-politique-militaire-africaine/dp/1080881778 .
[6] Tshiskedi had reappointed General Mbala to this post on May 22, 2019.
[7] Since 1997 General Mbala has been closely associated with Joseph Kabila, then chief of staff of the land force. After the accession of Joseph Kabila to power in 2001, General Mbala will was appointed Deputy Head of the Military House of the Head of State in charge of administration and logistics from 2003 until 2005. He became Head of President Kabila’s military house in 2006. He assumed this function continuously until 2014, combining it with that of Deputy Chief of General Staff of the FARDC in charge of administration, in addition to simultaneously exercising a third function of general director in charge of logistics for the Ministry of Defense.
[8] JJ Wondo, Après Mundos, le général Delphin Kahimbi devient-il le nouveau patron des « présumés ADF/MTM » ? – DESC, 26 décembre 2019. https://afridesk.org/apres-mundos-le-general-delphin-kahimbi-devient-il-le-nouveau-patron-des-presumes-adf-mtm-jj-wondo/.
[9] Indeed, John Numbi had played a very large role in the creation of the GSSP. The current core of officers who make up the spearhead of the GR are all mostly former GSSP. They were trained at the Mura military training center in Katanga by commando training provided by the North Koreans. Most of these young people are Balubakat. Since then, it is this nucleus of officers and non-commissioned officers who is in command of the current troops of the GR. Jean-Jacques Wondo Omanyundu, L’Essentiel de la sociologie politique militaire africaine. Cas des régimes prétoriens au Congo-Kinshasa, Amazon, 2019, p.289. Disponible en vente sur Amazon : https://www.amazon.fr/Lessentiel-sociologie-politique-militaire-africaine/dp/1080881778.
General “Munyamulenge” Pacifique Masunzu, is a former AFDL rebel who later distinguished himself in the armed struggle against RCD-Goma in South Kivu alongside General Antoine Padiri Bulendwa. The Mai-Mai forces of Padiri and the Tutsi Banyamulenge militias of Masunzu fought together the RCD-Goma rebellion during the second war of aggression (1998-2002).
[11] https://www.jeuneafrique.com/231029/politique/rdc-phil-mon-yav-le-tigre-de-kabila/ .
[12] Johnny Luboya was the deputy commander of the logistics base. He graduated from EFO-Kananga and evolved within the 21st FAZ infantry brigade as S3 (in charge of operations and training). This unit, led at the time by the late General Joseph Nsau, had rallied the AFDL during the capture of Lubumbashi. Nsau is close to retired general Jean-Pierre Ondekane. In the AFDL, he was very close to the Rwandans, particularly to Rwandan General James Kabarebe. During the period when James Kabarebe was the CAF Chief of General Staff, Johnny Luboya was the commander of the Q Defense Battalion. Before the start of the second war of aggression from August 2, 1998, Luboya was appointed commander of the FAC battalion stationed in Walikale where he joined the RCD-Goma. In the RCD, he lead with General Amisi the department (T4) of the logistics of the RCD-Goma rebellion.
[13] JJ Wondo, Qui est l’ex-rebelle UPC et général Jacques Itshalingoza Nduru, le nouveau commandant de Sokola 1 à Béni ? – DESC, 14 octobre 2019. https://afridesk.org/qui-est-lex-rebelle-upc-et-general-jacques-itshalingoza-nduru-le-nouveau-commandant-de-sokola-1-a-beni-jj-wondo/.
[14] JJ Wondo, Comment Joseph Kabila compte asphyxier militairement Félix Tshisekedi ? – DESC, 27 février 2019. http://afridesk.org/comment-joseph-kabila-compte-asphyxier-militairement-felix-tshisekedi-jj-wondo/.
[15] JJ Wondo, Alerte DESC : la Garde républicaine a menacé de renverser Joseph Kabila, DESC-WONDO, 15 septembre 2014, http://afridesk.org/alerte-desc-la-garde-republicaine-a-menace-de-renverser-joseph-kabila/.
[16] https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/02/02/rdc-kinshasa-renoue-avec-la-mission-de-l-onu_4858201_3212.html.
[17] Today, Kampete is appointed commander of the very strategic base of Kitona in more than one capacity, particularly in favor of Kabila.
[18] The Simba Battalion, a battalion made up at the time only of former Air Force soldiers – Numbi was the Chief of Staff of the Air Force before becoming the Chief of the Congolese National Police – united within the PIR to form an Anti-Terrorist Unit. The Cobra Battalion (11th Battalion of the PIR: Rapid Intervention Police) was made up of elements of the official Anti-Terrorist Unit. If officially these units are supposed to be dissolved, military sources say that they remain a sort of strategic reserve of Numbi for the benefit of Kabila and still keep intact their capacity for nuisance in the event of open conflict against Kabila or Numbi. The elements of these two battalions had committed massacres of the followers of Bundu Dia Kongo (in Bas-Congo) between February and March 2008 and were not really disarmed.
